buy custom Fog of War essay

buy custom Fog of War essay Question 1 Cuban missile crisis almost plunged the world into nuclear war had United State resorted to direct aggression. Cuban military was mounting weapons ready to retaliation in case of attack from United States. Missiles were already in place that any sign of attack would have amounted to the onset of nuclear war. The Cuban missile crisis was very dangerous attempt of war. It was most risky moments in the human history. The soviet missiles were able to destroy the entire Europe. However, the United State missiles were hazardous since it was possible to strike the whole Soviet Union. The Soviet Union, under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev, had gone further to increase the installation of more missiles in Cuba. There was a massive movement of troops, aircrafts, and ships that carried weapons. On the other hand, President John F. Kennedy has organized troops with weapons ready to launch an attack on Cuba which would have resulted into a holocaust. The crisis began after U.S. learnt that Soviet Union was in the process of constructing missiles in Cuba. It was revealed that all the missiles that were installed in Cuba were operational. This implied that had U.S. launched an immediate attack on Cuba the result would hae been very disastrous and one that had never been witnessed in human history. Despite the short duration that the crisis took, it absorbed the attentions of President Kennedy and all allies. The most dangerous part of the Cuba missile crisis occurred on 27th October when a [emailprotected] was shot over Cuba. It is documented that at the height of this crisis, U.S. Navy were in process of dropping signaling depth charges on the submarine of Soviet along the quarantine line. A series of military document reveals the escalating danger in regard to the crisis. Question 2 McNamara experience during the Cuban missile war transformed him with regard to disliking war. He asserts that misjudging the preparation of our adversary may cause a catastrophe which would rather be avoided. McNamara outlines that the use of nuclear weapons in war will lead to destruction of nations. This is in regard with the missiles of U.S. which were stipulated that would destroy the entire Soviet Union. He believes that war is not the best strategy for settling dispute among nations. The Cuban Missile Crisis was just minutes away from possible nuclear attacks. McNamara believes that a sense of empathy is very vital in dealing with adversaries globally as well as locally. He outlines that the breakdown of Non-Proliferation Regime poses a great threat of getting weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terrorists. He challenges the society to consider the aftermath of war, especially nuclear war, in the latter generations. One lesson from the life of McNamara refers to empathy with an enemy. He asserts that it was the presence of empathy that saved the world from a possible nuclear war which would have culminated to World War III. He further explains war can be averted if we chose to have the perspective of our enemy. This implies that we seek to understand the forces and motives behind their decisions and actions. He also explains that involving rationality in war crisis does nothing other than escalating the war. In his interview with Erris, he asserts that a combination of human rationality and nuclear weapons can cause unprecedented destruction to the world. He mentions the disagreement in Kennedys administration with regard to the best response for the two letters from the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. He concludes that the advice of Ambassador Llewellyn (Tommy) Thompson saved the entire nation from plunging into war. He further explains that there was hidden tactical warhead in Cuba that coul d have been very destructive had U.S taken a step to launch the attacks. Buy custom Fog of War essay

Harold Krebs and Norman Bowker Essays

Harold Krebs and Norman Bowker Essays Harold Krebs and Norman Bowker Paper Harold Krebs and Norman Bowker Paper War is a terrible thing. It destroys lives and can forever change the landscape of the mind and soul. Harold Krebs from Ernest Hemingway’s story â€Å"Soldier’s Home† and Norman Bowker from Tim O’Brian’s story â€Å"Speaking of Courage† both show that coming home from a military lifestyle and reintegrating themselves into a civilian lifestyle can be both difficult and emotionally draining to one’s self esteem and psyche. Harold Krebs wants the simple life. He’s tired of the lying and the feeling he gets from having to lie to friends and family about the war and about everyday things just to get them to back off. His mother and father both want him to become like the other men that have returned from the war, that is, to get a job, find a nice girl and settle down. But Krebs doesn’t want that. He’s been too changed by the war. His army training has seriously affected how he looks at girls. He doesn’t want to work at getting a girl having to go out and driving them around and talking to them. Hi wants a girl that doesn’t care about the war or wants him to tell them war stories. His sister, on the other hand, is the only person that thinks of him as a hero and still loves him, without provocation, without temptation, and without being cynical, even though, the war has changed him. This is shown when Krebs sister ask’s him to be her beau. His sister asks him to be her beau: â€Å" I tell them that you’re my beau. Aren’t you my beau, hare? † â€Å"You bet. † â€Å"Couldn’t your brother really be your beau just because he’s your brother? † â€Å"I don’t know. † â€Å"[†¦] Couldn’t you be my beau, hare, if I was old enough and if you wanted to? † â€Å"Sure, You’re my girl now. †(Hemingway 168) : Finally in the end, he realizes that coming home isn’t right for him in the aspect that the town has not changed except for the girls who are now all grown up. His father still drives the same car and works at the same job and lives in the same childhood home that Krebs grew up in. He misses his appointment with his father, on purpose, but in the end, trying to be simple, it isn’t enough. In realizing this he goes to watch his sister play indoor baseball. On the other had Norman Bowker, form Tim O’Brian’s story â€Å"speaking of courage†, deals with survivor’s guilt having served in Vietnam. His character is depressed with the death of his fellow solider Kiowa. Kiowa was a native-American solider, peaceful and gentle, helping the team with problems and keeping the camaraderie of the group going. Norman Bowker tried to help him as his friend sunk beneath the sewage. Norman tried to pull him out, but in the end failed to do so and watched him die. For example, Norman Bowker thinks that he was as brave as he thought he could have been , but even that much bravery was not enough to save his friend. This is the terrible price that he pays as his guilt washes up upon him like the sewage did to his friend. His seven medals mean nothing to him, but in his imaginary discussion with his father, he tries to make them mean something. Now that he ahs returned, he finds himself lost as he travels around the lake in his fathers’ truck. The road that leads around the lake is seven miles ling and can be traveled in around 25 minutes at a slow crawl. Towards the end of the twelfth revolution he stops, gets out, and wades into the lake. This could be seen as sort of baptism to wash away the feelings of the guilt. â€Å"On his twelfth revolution, the sky went crazy with color. He pulled into Sunset Park and stopped in the shadow of a picnic shelter. After a time he got out, walked down the beach, and waded into the lake without undressing. That water felt warm against his skin. Hi put his head under. He opened his lips. Very slightly, for the taste, then he stood up and folded his arms and watched the fireworks. For a small town, he decided, it was a pretty good show. † These men share a lot in common as well as have their distinct differences. The first similarity is that both men can’t or won’t talk about the war. Norman Bowker never discussed the war not because he didn’t want to but because he couldn’t. He didn’t know the right words to say anything about the war. On the other hand, Harold Krebs found out that because he came home from the war long after it and ended that nobody wanted to hear anything about the way because they had already heard about the atrocity that suffered there: though to be listened to, he later found out, he had to lie, and after lying twice about the war he too had a reaction against the war and against talking about it. Another thing that both men share is the fact that both men have a problem with reconnecting with girls. Norman Bowker lost his girl to the war, only finding out that when he returned she had gotten married and had a family of her own now, without him. Krebs ha been conditioned by the army to not need girls. Coming how from the war, all he wants is a simple life, yet the town has somewhat evolved and gotten more complicated since Krebs was last there. Men his age were getting married and finding good jobs. The men were settling down. Krebs is unable to love. This is what the army had done, they and broken him down to rebuild him into a killing machine, thus destroying the love and most of the emotions in the process. This is why he shows such coldness towards his mother. â€Å"Yes. Don’t you love your mother, dear boy? † â€Å"No. † Krebs said. His mother looked at him across the table. Her eyes were shiny. She started crying. â€Å"I don’t love anybody,† Krebs said. It’s the differences, which separate them. After a while Norman Bowker writes to the author Tim O’Brien. Over 17 disjointed letter Bowker ends up telling O’Brien about the war. Then simply eight months later quietly hangs himself with a jump rope tied to a water pipe in the men’s locker room, leaving neither a note nor letter of explanation. Krebs, on the other hand finds some resolve in his sister. He finds that he has no need for the family car or the familiarity of others. But his sister doesn’t give up on him like his parents do in a way. Krebs comes back a cynical an, unable to love and his siter is the only one that sees thru the facade to a point. This is a new bond that the two begin, which is one of the reasons that he watches her at her indoor baseball game. War is a terrible thing. It destroys lives and can forever change the landscape of the mind and soul. Both Krebs and Bowker share some very similar traits even though coming from two different wars. And yet each man can stand-alone without the need for the other.

Tobacco and the Origins and Domestication of Nicotiana

Tobacco and the Origins and Domestication of Nicotiana Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica and N. tabacum) is a plant that was and is used as a psychoactive substance, a narcotic, a painkiller, and a pesticide and, as a result, it is and was used in the ancient past in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies. Four species were recognized by Linnaeus in 1753, all originating from the Americas, and all from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Today, scholars recognize over 70 different species, with N. tabacum the most economically important; almost all of them originated in South America, with one endemic to Australia and another to Africa. Domestication History A group of recent biogeographical studies reports that modern tobacco ( N. tabacum) originated in the highland Andes, probably Bolivia or northern Argentina, and was likely a result of the hybridization of two older species, N. sylvestris and a member of the section Tomentosae, perhaps N. tomentosiformis Goodspeed. Long before the Spanish colonization, tobacco had been distributed well outside its origins, throughout South America, into Mesoamerica and reaching the Eastern Woodlands of North America no later than ~300 BC. Although some debate within the scholarly community exists suggesting that some varieties may have originated in Central America or Southern Mexico, the most widely accepted theory is that N. tabacum originated where the historical ranges of its two progenitor species intersected. The earliest dated tobacco seeds found to date are from early Formative levels at Chiripa in the Lake Titicaca region of Bolivia. Tobacco seeds were recovered from Early Chiripa contexts (1500-1000 BC), although not in sufficient quantities or contexts to prove tobacco  use with shamanistic practices. Tushingham and colleagues have traced a continuous record of smoking tobacco in pipes in western North America from at least 860 AD, and at the time of European colonial contact, tobacco was the most widely exploited intoxicant in the Americas. Curanderos and Tobacco Tobacco is believed to be one of the first plants used in the New World to initiate ecstasy trances. Taken in large amounts, tobacco induces hallucinations, and, perhaps not surprisingly, tobacco use is associated with pipe ceremonialism and bird imagery throughout the Americas. Physical changes associated with extreme doses of tobacco use include a lowered heart rate, which in some cases has been known to render the user into a catatonic state. Tobacco is consumed in a number of ways, including chewing, licking, eating, sniffing, and enemas, although smoking is the most effective and common form of consumption. Among the ancient Maya and extending down to today, tobacco was a sacred, supernaturally powerful plant, considered a primordial medicine or botanical helper and associated with Maya deities of the earth and sky. A classic 17 year-long study by ethnoarchaeologist Kevin Goark (2010) looked at the use of the plant among the Tzeltal-Tzotzil Maya communities in highland Chiapas, recording processing methods, physiological effects, and magico-protective uses. Ethnographic Studies A series of ethnographic interviews (Jauregui et al 2011) was conducted between 2003-2008 with curanderos (healers) in east central Peru, who reported using tobacco in various ways. Tobacco is one of over fifty plants with psychotropic effects used in the region that are considered plants that teach, including coca, datura, and ayahuasca. Plants that teach are also sometimes referred to as plants with a mother, because they are believed to have an associated guiding spirit or mother who teaches the secrets of traditional medicine. Like the other plants that teach, tobacco is one of the cornerstones of learning and practicing the art of the shaman, and according to the curanderos consulted by Jauregui et al. it is considered one of the most powerful and oldest of plants. Shamanistic training in Peru involves a period of fasting, isolation, and celibacy, during which period one ingests one or more of the teaching plants on a daily basis. Tobacco in the form of a potent type of Nicotiana rustica is always present in their traditional medical practices, and it is used for purification, to cleanse the body of negative energies. Sources Groark KP. 2010. The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual, Therapeutic, and Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 30(1):5-30.Jauregui X, Clavo ZM, Jovel EM, and Pardo-de-Santayana M. 2011. â€Å"Plantas con madre†: Plants that teach and guide in the shamanic initiation process in the East-Central Peruvian Amazon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134(3):739-752.Khan MQ, and Narayan RKJ. 2007. Phylogenetic diversity and relationships among species of genus Nicotiana using RAPDs analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology 6(2):148-162.Leng X, Xiao B, Wang S, Gui Y, Wang Y, Lu X, Xie J, Li Y, and Fan L. 2010. Identification of NBS-Type Resistance Gene Homologs in Tobacco Genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 28(1):152-161.Lewis R, and Nicholson J. 2007. Aspects of the evolution of Nicotiana tabacum L. and the status of the United States Nicotiana Germplasm Collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution  54(4):727-740.Mandondo A, German L, Utila H, and Nthenda UM. 2014. Assessing Societal Benefits and Trade-Offs of Tobacco in the Miombo Woodlands of Malawi. Human Ecology 42(1):1-19. Moon HS, Nifong JM, Nicholson JS, Heineman A, Lion K, Hoeven Rvd, Hayes AJ, Lewis RS, and USDA A. 2009. Microsatellite-based Analysis of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Genetic Resources. Crop Science 49(6):2149-2159.Roulette CJ, Hagen E, and Hewlett BS. 2016. A biocultural investigation of gender differences in tobacco use in an egalitarian hunter-gatherer population. Human Nature 27(2):105-129.Tushingham S, Ardura D, Eerkens JW, Palazoglu M, Shahbaz S, and Fiehn O. 2013. Hunter-gatherer tobacco smoking: earliest evidence from the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):1397-1407.Tushingham S, and Eerkens JW. 2016. Hunter-Gatherer Tobacco Smoking in Ancient North America: Current Chemical Evidence and a Framework for Future Studies. In: Anne Bollwerk E, and Tushingham S, editors. Perspectives on the Archaeology of Pipes, Tobacco and other Smoke Plants in the Ancient Americas. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p 211-230.Zagorevski DV, a nd Loughmiller-Newman JA. 2012. The detection of nicotine in a Late Mayan period flask by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26(4):403-411.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Marketing - Essay Example Concept of Marketing The marketing concept can be described as the achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs and expectations better than the competition or competitors. This can be done by three steps: 1. Customer orientation – the company’s main focus should be on its target market i.e. customer satisfaction rather than solely improving costs and methods for the company itself 2. Integrated effort – fulfilling customer satisfaction is not a one-man job, it requires a management team and workforce with the common motive to achieve this task through production, finance, research and development 3. Goal achievement – for integrated work to run smoothly and successfully, the management must have strong belief in the fact that corporate goals can be achieved through consumer satisfaction. Marketing Mix A marketing mix is a company strategy that helps boost a company customers, profits and innovations with the help of four ste ps (known as the 4 P’s) i.e. product, price, promotion, and place. These 4 Ps are the key decision elements that marketers must follow in order to achieve the wants and needs of their clientele above their competitors. This marketing mix however has been extended to 7 Ps with the three additions of people, progress and physical evidence due to the rapid growth of the service industries. The emphasis of every individual element varies depending on the commodities the organization offers. Product. The product decision includes choosing which goods and services the company is willing and able to produce and supply to its target customers. This includes product creation as well as integration and development where by the products supplied and new and improved with the advancements in technology and taste. This phase also includes the branding image of the company i.e. its name, packaging and promotions and offers. It seems that Britvic seems to rely on the porter’s model o f differentiation to keep its products relevant to the UK’s beverages market. Hence there is more focus on offering the customers a good variety and availability of product, importantly, along with a focus on development of the products to keep the customers interested rather than offer the highest standards of quality (taste) or uniqueness of product and taste. This might be because a large part of Britvic’s business activity consists of distributing drinks of established brands such as PepsiCo and hence the company can choose to rely on provision of quality service to other businesses to maintain relevance to the consumer market rather than on maintenance of quality. Placement. Placement deals with decision making regarding distribution channels. Key management decisions stress upon locations of its outlets, transportation facilities, and inventory levels of stock and stock needing to be reordered. The main goal is to ensure products and services are available in the desired and sufficient quantities, at the desired time durations and venue. These distribution channels consist of organizations such as retailers and wholesalers who act as an intermediary through which commodities pass on their way to customers. Producers need to manage their relationships with these organizations in order for them to provide cost-effective access to that specific firm and the market they belong to. They also need to be familiar with new methods of

Business Law (6) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law (6) - Assignment Example (C) My own example relating to the definition given above is; If an employer wants to recruit employees and in that regard, the employer states that the job will be paying $1,000 a month with no allowances and that the engagement period is 5 years terms that is renewable based on the performance of the employee, the employer will also not be obliged to explain the reasons as to why the an employee is dropped or considered for the next term. The terms can continue base on what the employer is interested in. The terms expressed here in relation to job defines what a vacancy. (B) In my own definition, acceptance can be considered to be; the evaluation of the terms contained in the offer and yielding to them in a bid to considered being engaged in the contract qualifying it to be a legal obligation. (C) As I have stated in the above explanation, if an employer stipulates the terms of the contract and them the prospective employees ratifies the terms and get to be engaged in the contract legally by appending their personal signature and having unconditionally read and understood the content of the offer, it is said that acceptance has taken place. After acceptance, the employee is legally bound to operate within the stipulations. (D) The website http://www.thefreedictionary.com/acceptance provides step wise definition of the term from the general English version to the legal definition. In this regard, it gives an array of the definition that foster further understanding of the term. (B) According to my own definition, consideration is that resonance that results after the employer and the employee strikes a balance by ratifying legal obligation of each side given satisfaction of their side of bargain. I other words we say that the offer has been ratified by the prospectus in legally required manner and thus acceptance of the offer to undertakes to the needs and responsibilities as stated in the offer. (C) An example relating to the above is when an offer is

The Current Model of Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Current Model of Education - Assignment Example As denoted above, the problem that is faced is how to utilize new technologies and to what extent these are useful in the ability to meet existing metrics. The actual problem investigated within this particular research article was not contingent upon the way in which new technology can be leveraged at the students as a means of reaching or surpassing educational goals. Instead, the research was concentric upon the way in which social media platforms should be promoted and utilized within the faculty as a means of creating a unified understanding of the goals and directions that are being faced. Additionally, the question of whether or not social media can be used within faculty as a function of increasing learning objectives and creating a unified understanding of existing problems, strengths, weaknesses, and potential solutions was also a key element that the researchers sought to measure and draw inference upon. The underlying purpose of the study is to of course provide more identifiable metrics with respect to the way in which social media is adopted. As the researchers note, social media has received a negative rap within the arena of education; as something of little use and mainly a way for individuals to waste time. Because of this, the study had as its underlying purpose a need to redefine and rebrand social media usage within faculty; as the researchers believed it could potentially reflect a useful tool with respect to the way in which faculty interaction and engagement could take place. The current dynamic within the educational realm is one in which there is relatively little interaction between faculty members; creating an aura in which sharing and the attenuation of educational metrics amongst all stakeholders are neither encouraged nor possible. The questions and hypothesis for the research were concentric upon whether or not social media could reflect a benefit for faculty members with respect to the way in which best practices were understood and shared.  

Discuss the rise in importance of FDI for Multinational Enterprises Essay

Discuss the rise in importance of FDI for Multinational Enterprises - Essay Example This deepening and widening economic integration is achieved through three main channels such as trade, foreign direct investment and the international transfer of knowledge and technology. The enterprises, which have dispersed their business processes across the globe through the channel of FDI, are termed as Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). These MNEs are the main pillars in the globalized economies which involved in the world economic activities. Though trade which principally means export-import of goods and services across the geographical regions are there since many years but the concept of foreign direct investment (FDI) is rather of recent origin. Being different from portfolio investment this type of investment entails a firm to open its subsidiary in a foreign land to expand its business activities there. In today's fast moving global economy the scale of FDI made by a multinational enterprise plays a vital role for the growth of developed as well as developing countries across the world. In this essay the rise in FDI as well as its importance for the MNEs has been vividly described in the Section-II and also an analysis of the circumstances under which FDI may or may not be an appropriate strategy for an international business has been made in the Section-III. The conclusion to the discussion has been given in Section-IV. The analysis of the rising trend in the various regions of the world and the possible impact of FDI in the host and home economies has been made in this paper. II. FDI: The Increasing Trend in Global Economy "FDI is defined as a firm based in one country (the 'home country') owning 10 percent or more of the stock of a company located in a foreign country (the 'host country') -- this amount of stock is generally enough to give the home country firm significant control rights over the host country firm. Most FDI is in wholly-owned or nearly wholly-owned subsidiaries." (http://www.populareconomics.org/globalization/html%20/Glossary.html). Thus FDI is different from the portfolio investment which may cross borders but lacks such controls over it. This FDI may be 'Green-field'1 or 'Acquisition/Mergers'2 and also it may be 'horizontal'3 or 'vertical'4. "Thus to create, acquire or expand a foreign subsidiary, MNEs undertake FDI. The total direct capital owned by non-residents in a given country each year constitutes the stock of FDI" (Navaretti & Venables, 3). If one makes a comparison between export and FDI during the last twentieth century one can see that the exports grew much stronger than FDI in the pre 1980 period while the FDI sown an unprecedented rise after 1985. "The worldwide real GDP increased at a rate of 2.5% per year between 1985 and 1999 and worldwide exports by 5.6%, worldwide real inflows of FDI increased by 17.7%." (Navaretti & Venables 3). Also it is seen that the worldwide FDI stocks increased from $794 billion to $1, 768 billion in the second half of the eighties (Table-1). That means they more than doubled in just six years. The inflow of FDI peaked in the year 2000 but suddenly declined from the year 2001 due to slowing down of economy.